Today’s press release concerning HUD’s Fair Housing Initiative Program (“FHIP”) says all you need to know about HUD’s approach to eliminating housing discrimination. Out of more than $37 million dollars made available to improve fair housing in this program, HUD is spending about 20% on programs intended to educate the public and business about their rights and obligations, while 80% goes to funding private organizations that are in the business of either suing folks or filing HUD complaints. HUD is clearly much less interested in helping people obey the law than in punishing people who fail to obey it. The press release ends, of course, with information on how to file a complaint with HUD. There’s no mention of where to go for education on following the law. More
FHA Litigation
Successor liability under the Fair Housing Act – New Law that Matters
By Richard Hunt in Accessibility Litigation Trends, ADA FHA Litigation General, FHA, Multi-Family Tags: Alter Ego, Apartment Developers, Corporate Veil, FHA Litigation, Successor Liability
We’ve blogged more than once about the ongoing question of whether a current owner of a property built after the FHA guidelines became effective can be liable under the design/build provisions of the Fair Housing Act. (Click, here, and here). A March 31, 2016 decision from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland (Equal Rights Center v. Equity Residential, Case No. 1:06-cv-01060-CCB, Document 283) adds some important clarity to this issue, but not without raising other issues.
In Equal Rights Center the first issue the Court considered was whether various entities that were successors to the original owner and builder could be liable under the design/build provisions of the FHA. The Court looked at two theories; veil piercing and successor liability, to decide based on undisputed facts that some could and some couldn’t. Where there was liability the Court found that the predecessor was:
- merely an agency or instrumentality of the current owner, giving rise to veil piercing, and/or
- part of a continuous enterprise giving rise to successor liability
In every case the Court applied federal common law. As it applied the law, the effects on traditional development structures is dramatic:
First, the Court found that when the ownership of a property owning entity changed the entity had successor liability, apparently to itself. This analytical step is puzzling since the property owning entity did not change and would, under traditional standards, continue to be liable regardless of any changes in ownership.
Next, if the original property owner was a typical subsidiary or subsidiary of a subsidiary of the ultimate corporate owner the Court concluded that veil piercing was always appropriate. The Court explained this holding as follows:
It would be fundamentally unfair to limit liability to these entities which serve as nothing more than vehicles for holding Equity’s property assets. Further, it would frustrate the purpose of the FHA’s broad remedial scheme* to allow Equity to escape liability simply because it established separate subsidiaries to hold each of its properties.
The Court did not require any element of fraud or misuse of the corporate structure, both of which are the typical hallmarks of veil piercing. Instead it applied “no fault” veil piercing in which the subsidiary structure is simply disregarded for public policy reasons.
Moreover, the Court refused to consider the implications of the timing of control; that is, the Court looked at control of the property owning subsidiary not at the time of construction, but rather at the time Equity obtained complete control by buying out its development partner. Under these holdings the ultimate corporate owner of any traditional development subsidiary or partnership will always be liable for its subsidiary’s FHA violations. This denies developers any protection from the FHA through the use of typical development structures that suffice with respect to every other kind of liability.
The second important holding from the Court is that violations of the statute will be measured by a purely objective standard; that is, the FHA Design Manual or one of the other safe harbors in the statute. This is appropriate, the Court held, because:
requiring a plaintiff to make an ill-defined subjective showing of inaccessibility—that is, allowing a defendant to escape liability simply by showing that some disabled persons can access a property—cuts against the “broad remedial intent of Congress embodied in the [FHA]”
In keeping with this holding the Court rejected evidence from two experts that the property was in fact accessible, choosing a regulatory theory over actual facts. This holding means that the standards intended by Congress to be a safe harbor standard have been converted into a national building code for multi-family housing, which Congress certainly did not intend. In short, the FHA is not an anti-discrimination law; it is a building code that applies regardless of whether any disabled person is ever affected.**
Equal Rights Center v. Equity Residential was first filed in 2006, and it seems reasonable to conclude that the defendant is not simply going to give up after 10 years of litigation in the District Court. It therefore remains to be seen whether the 4th Circuit will agree with any of the District Court’s departures from traditional legal principles. One thing, however, is certain. There will be more litigation, and plaintiffs will not be deterred from suing the ultimate parent entities by the ownership structures created to insulate the ultimate owners from liability of all kinds.
*”broad remedial scheme” is, in general, a phrase used by courts just before they throw out the actual words of the statute in favor of enforcing the law the court believes Congress should have written.
**As recently as March 23, 2016 another Court found that disputes about actual accessibility despite deviations from the safe harbors created a fact issue:
Dialing for Dollars – Fair Housing advocacy or just a business?
By Richard Hunt in Accessibility Litigation Trends, FHA, Multi-Family, Policies and Procedures FHA ADA Tags: FHA Litigation, FHA Policies, service animals
CityVision Services, Inc. has recently filed a number of complaints with HUD under the Fair Housing Act. Those I am familiar with all follow the same pattern. Someone from CityVision calls an apartment complex asking about pet deposit policies and then mentions a therapy animal. The manager or leasing agent makes the mistake of saying all animals require a pet deposit. No one ever comes to the complex or makes a rental application, but CityVision files a Fair Housing complaint on its own behalf as a “tester.” The apartment owners I’ve spoken with were all located in East Texas, but the extent of this particular effort by CityVision Services is impossible to tell because HUD complaints are not public. More
Accessibility surveys – opportunity or trap?
By Richard Hunt in Accessibility Litigation Trends, ADA Class Actions, ADA Policies, Privilege for accessibility surveys Tags: ada litigation, attorney client privilege, FHA Litigation
My clients often ask about whether doing a survey to determine ADA or FHA compliance will simply set them up for damages based on a “knowing” violation of the disabilties laws. My advice is almost always no, because the ADA and FHA are no-fault statutes when it comes to physical accessibility. Ignorance is no defense. A recent case from a district court in Pennsylvania looks at the same problem in a different way: Can ADA or FHA surveys be protected from disclosure as attorney work product or even privileged documents. Heinzl v. Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc., 2015 WL 6604015, at *1 (W.D. Pa. Oct. 29, 2015). I think it is worth asking another question — do you want these documents to be privileged? More
Disparate Impact – Will it now apply to disability discrimination under the FHA?
By Richard Hunt in Accessibility Litigation Trends, ADA FHA General, Apartments, Condominiums, FHA, Landlord-tenant, Multi-Family, Policies and Procedures FHA ADA Tags: Apartments, Condominiums, disparate impact, FHA Litigation, FHA Policies, private lawsuits
On June 25 the Supreme Court held that FHA discrimination claims can be based on disparate impact. Texas Dep’t of Hous. & Cmty. Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., 2015 WL 2473449, at *9 (U.S. June 25, 2015). At first blush this doesn’t seem to have much to do with accessibility claims. When we talk about the policies that discriminate against those with disabilities we usually look at 42 U.S.C. Section 3604(f)(3)(B), which requires reasonable accommodation; that is, exceptions to a policy because the policy has a disproportionate impact on those with disabilities. However, Inclusive Communities Project may have its own disparate impact on claims of disability discrimination. More